Strengthening the sleepers joists
Stiffening of the sleeper with log struts.
Strengthening the sleepers joists
The purpose of the reinforcement is to stiffen the sleeper and to distribute the weight more evenly over all the joists. There are three main types of buff:
– reinforcement with struts;
– continuous reinforcement with a cross-section board 25 x …

GEORGE WASHINGTON SNOW (1797-1870)
"Balloon frame" expansion of the West (“Western balloon frame”)